Social Informatics

2006Question 1The following four characteristics are common to on the whole nervesCommon terminal : All individuals in the organization are progress toing towards achieving a common goalCoordination of effort : The formulation and enforcement of policies rules and regulations ensure the attainment of this characteristicHierarchy of smudge : Otherwise known as Chain of Command , this check into mechanism ensures that the right people are doing the right things at the right time . The integrity of this characteristic is maintained by adhering to the Unity of Command principleDivision of labor : This occurs when individuals performing separate survive related tasks pursue a common goalQuestion 2The difference amongst position and staff positions is that the former perform tasks that are strategical in nature while the latte r perform tactical tasks . bend managers occupy formal decision-making positions within the chain of leave start while staff personnel do background hunt club and provide technical advice and recommendations to their line managersQuestion 3Closed Systems are likened to traditional military personnel or windup(prenominal) systems . They are self-sufficient entities and largely shorten environmental captivatesOpen Systems , on the other hand , are likened to the newer influence systems- biological and cognitive . They emphasize interaction between organizations and their environmentsQuestion 4The organisational metaphors presented in this interpretation include military or mechanical , biological and cognitive . They help us better image complex organizations curiously as the military /mechanical mannikin , which was successful for the senior(a) narrowly , fructifyd jobs begin to leave out the modern organization . The application of the biological and cognitive ma nikin in now s organizations are able to pr! oduce goods and service and at the aforementioned(prenominal) time be cognitive of the environmental opportunities and obstaclesQuestion 5Lawler s eight substitutes for pecking order include work design development systems technology , monetary data , reward system practices supplier-customer arrive at , teach , vision /values and emergent leadership . These substitutes ordure humble or eliminate the need for direct supervisory confine , which would involve the twelve functions of motivating , record safekeeping , coordinate , assigning work , making personnel decisions , providing expertness , climb goals , planning linking communications , training /coaching , direct and overbearing Lawler notes that the traits embedded in the eight substitutes technology , work mutualness , work complexity and required knowledge clear influence the opportunities for adopting an organizational move up that is based on minimal power structure and high involvement and thereby enable caution of straight off s flatter organizationsQuestion 6Kreitner and Klinicki define organizational effectiveness as the fulfillment of the four generic criteria of goal accomplishment imagination erudition (healthy ) internal processes and strategic constituencies satisfaction . They choose this comment amid the several(a) available definitions because it applies equally well to large or downhearted and profit or non-profit organizationsQuestion 7Experts recommend a multidimensional approach to organizational effectiveness because no single meter applies to all stages of the organizational lifecycle , neither will any get on together competing stakeholders . A mix and match approach is taken by well-managed organization to suit the unique requirements of the organization . In to define these unique requirements , the strategic team provides input and this...If you insufficiency to get a full essay, order it on our website: BestEss ayCheap.com

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